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Bombay, India (engraving)

Bombay, India (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LLM6003642

Add 15296 (2) f.16r, Back outside the palace of Kiskindha

Add 15296 (2) f.16r, Back outside the palace of Kiskindha

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283046

A member of the Agas Maghi sect. The members of this sect are not allowed to shave their hair or beards. They either covered their body with ash or wore colourful cloths. A painting from a nineteenth century manuscript of Fuqara'-i Hind, a text describing the different Hindu religious sects

A member of the Agas Maghi sect. The members of this sect are not allowed to shave their hair or beards. They either covered their body with ash or wore colourful cloths. A painting from a nineteenth century manuscript of Fuqara'-i Hind, a text describing the different Hindu religious sects

BL3310329

On the journey back, Rāma points out to Sītā all the places associated with the search for her, and before that with their life together in the forest. The Puá¹£paka chariot flies first over the bridge built across the sea by the monkeys and arrives over the palace at Kiá¹£kindhÄ, where monkeys wave to them and female monkeys look out of the windows of the golden upper storey of the palace. Sītā here requests that the wives of the chief monkeys should accompany them to AyodhyÄ.

On the journey back, Rāma points out to Sītā all the places associated with the search for her, and before that with their life together in the forest. The Puá¹£paka chariot flies first over the bridge built across the sea by the monkeys and arrives over the palace at Kiá¹£kindhÄ, where monkeys wave to them and female monkeys look out of the windows of the golden upper storey of the palace. Sītā here requests that the wives of the chief monkeys should accompany them to AyodhyÄ.

BL3283153

On the left, Rāma is installed as king by the priest Vasiṣṭha, who anoints his brow with sacred marks, while Åšatrughna holds the imperial parasol and the two other brothers hold chowries (fly-whisks). SugrÄ«va had previously sent the monkeys to gather water from the four seas and all the important rivers, which they hold here in golden jars for the coronation ritual. On the right, Rāma, with Sītā beside him on his throne, dispenses gold and jewels to his helpers, all in human form. One of his ministers hands Rāma a necklace of magnificent pearls for Sītā, and she unclasps her own necklace, which she gives to the incomparably wise and valiant Hanumān.

On the left, Rāma is installed as king by the priest Vasiṣṭha, who anoints his brow with sacred marks, while Åšatrughna holds the imperial parasol and the two other brothers hold chowries (fly-whisks). SugrÄ«va had previously sent the monkeys to gather water from the four seas and all the important rivers, which they hold here in golden jars for the coronation ritual. On the right, Rāma, with Sītā beside him on his throne, dispenses gold and jewels to his helpers, all in human form. One of his ministers hands Rāma a necklace of magnificent pearls for Sītā, and she unclasps her own necklace, which she gives to the incomparably wise and valiant Hanumān.

BL3283162

In the palace of Laṅkā, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers, Mahodara and MahÄpÄrÅ›va, and sons DevÄntaka, NarÄntaka, TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are bowed down by grief at the news of Kumbhakará¹‡a's death. Rāvaṇa regretfully remembers VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's wise words. His brothers and sons now set forth to do battle (below), accompanied by armed men on horseback and on foot. Mahodara is on an elephant, the three-headed TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are in a chariot, and NarÄntaka is on a white horse, as in the text. The vehicles of DevÄntaka and MahÄpÄrÅ›va are unspecified, but here they are in chariots. The allies are seen in council on the left.

In the palace of Laṅkā, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers, Mahodara and MahÄpÄrÅ›va, and sons DevÄntaka, NarÄntaka, TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are bowed down by grief at the news of Kumbhakará¹‡a's death. Rāvaṇa regretfully remembers VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's wise words. His brothers and sons now set forth to do battle (below), accompanied by armed men on horseback and on foot. Mahodara is on an elephant, the three-headed TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are in a chariot, and NarÄntaka is on a white horse, as in the text. The vehicles of DevÄntaka and MahÄpÄrÅ›va are unspecified, but here they are in chariots. The allies are seen in council on the left.

BL3283113

Various individual combats take place between monkeys and demons. SugrÄ«va, at the bottom, wielding a tree, first kills VirūpÄká¹£a and then Mahodara, at the top, whose head he cuts off. Aṅgada meanwhile is advancing on MahÄpÄrÅ›va and eventually kills him. The leaders are held in reserve on each side.

Various individual combats take place between monkeys and demons. SugrÄ«va, at the bottom, wielding a tree, first kills VirūpÄká¹£a and then Mahodara, at the top, whose head he cuts off. Aṅgada meanwhile is advancing on MahÄpÄrÅ›va and eventually kills him. The leaders are held in reserve on each side.

BL3283139

Here Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas are depicted fighting the NivÄtakavacas, a race of giants or daityas protected by BrahmÄ. They battle for a year. BrahmÄ intervenes and asks them to befriend each other as both parties are invincible. Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas then befriend the daityas and spend some time with them, where Rāvaṇa studies the magic arts.

Here Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas are depicted fighting the NivÄtakavacas, a race of giants or daityas protected by BrahmÄ. They battle for a year. BrahmÄ intervenes and asks them to befriend each other as both parties are invincible. Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas then befriend the daityas and spend some time with them, where Rāvaṇa studies the magic arts.

BL3283203

A contortionist or yogi from the Bombay Theatre of Varieties at the India and Ceylon Exhibition, London

A contortionist or yogi from the Bombay Theatre of Varieties at the India and Ceylon Exhibition, London

BL3300689

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LIP1044050

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

BL3283246

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LIP1041410

Add 15296 (1) f.126r, Despite the entreaties of his brother to return to rule Ayodhya, Rama Ramains adamant in adhering to his father's command. He manages finally to persuade Bharata to govern the kingdom until his return after fourteen years. Bharata resolves to dress and behave as an ascetic until then. The two brothers and Sita make their farewells to Bharata and Shatrughna, to the Brahmins and to the queens, with Sita being embraced by Kausalya. Bharata crouches before Rama for him to put his feet into a pair of sandals at he will take back to Ayodhya with him, and in the name of which he will govern the kingdom. Rama then retireSita the hut. The chariots and litters then proceed back to Ayodhya, with Bharata carrying Rama's sandals on his head, the two brothers cast down in sorrow.

Add 15296 (1) f.126r, Despite the entreaties of his brother to return to rule Ayodhya, Rama Ramains adamant in adhering to his father's command. He manages finally to persuade Bharata to govern the kingdom until his return after fourteen years. Bharata resolves to dress and behave as an ascetic until then. The two brothers and Sita make their farewells to Bharata and Shatrughna, to the Brahmins and to the queens, with Sita being embraced by Kausalya. Bharata crouches before Rama for him to put his feet into a pair of sandals at he will take back to Ayodhya with him, and in the name of which he will govern the kingdom. Rama then retireSita the hut. The chariots and litters then proceed back to Ayodhya, with Bharata carrying Rama's sandals on his head, the two brothers cast down in sorrow.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283038

Entertainers from the Bombay Theatre of Varieties at the India and Ceylon Exhibition, London. Theatrical entertainers gathered on the stage. The figures include a strongman holding a heavy stone above his head, a yogi in a particularly contorted posture, a male transvestite dancer in female clothes and musicians

Entertainers from the Bombay Theatre of Varieties at the India and Ceylon Exhibition, London. Theatrical entertainers gathered on the stage. The figures include a strongman holding a heavy stone above his head, a yogi in a particularly contorted posture, a male transvestite dancer in female clothes and musicians

BL3295868

Dhanada (Vaisravana) is depicted at his palace giving the yakshas orders to fight. Below, the yakshas are shown emerging from their caves in the mountain, ready to fight. The demon army led by Ravana is shown on the right in battle with the yakshas

Dhanada (Vaisravana) is depicted at his palace giving the yakshas orders to fight. Below, the yakshas are shown emerging from their caves in the mountain, ready to fight. The demon army led by Ravana is shown on the right in battle with the yakshas

BL3283187

The abandonment of Sita. Sita and Lakshmana are shown crossing the river Ganges. Lakshmana, with hands crossed, begs Sita's forgiveness for leaving her behind when she faints

The abandonment of Sita. Sita and Lakshmana are shown crossing the river Ganges. Lakshmana, with hands crossed, begs Sita's forgiveness for leaving her behind when she faints

BL3283231

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

BL3283078

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LIP1054890

Add 15296 (1) f.128r, The chariots of Vasistha and the princes, attended by various ministers and people, enter the town of Nandigrama.

Add 15296 (1) f.128r, The chariots of Vasistha and the princes, attended by various ministers and people, enter the town of Nandigrama.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283034

The Hindu temple at Tiruchendur by the sea shore. c.1805. Inscribed on front in pencil: 'Tiruchendore Pagoda. Gulph of Ma' (illegible)

The Hindu temple at Tiruchendur by the sea shore. c.1805. Inscribed on front in pencil: 'Tiruchendore Pagoda. Gulph of Ma' (illegible)

BL3261008

VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a is overcome with grief at the death of his brother, who despite his wickedness acted out his life in accordance with the dharma into which he was born. Rāma consoles him and in full council instructs VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the remaining demons to perform Rāvaṇa's funeral rites, the wood for which is gathered by monkeys and demons. He tells Lakṣmaṇa to consecrate VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a king of Laṅkā. Rāvaṇa's body is prepared for cremation by his lamenting wives, headed by his chief wife MandodarÄ«. With eloquent gestures the women express their grief and MandodarÄ« unbraids her hair in the traditional gesture of the bereaved wife.

VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a is overcome with grief at the death of his brother, who despite his wickedness acted out his life in accordance with the dharma into which he was born. Rāma consoles him and in full council instructs VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the remaining demons to perform Rāvaṇa's funeral rites, the wood for which is gathered by monkeys and demons. He tells Lakṣmaṇa to consecrate VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a king of Laṅkā. Rāvaṇa's body is prepared for cremation by his lamenting wives, headed by his chief wife MandodarÄ«. With eloquent gestures the women express their grief and MandodarÄ« unbraids her hair in the traditional gesture of the bereaved wife.

BL3283149

Add 15296 (1) f.103r, The two princes have now resolved to wear ascetics' garments like their exiled brothers, Still in their encampment on the right, Bharata tells Guha to fetch enough boats to convey them all to the opposite the bank of the Ganga, c.1653 (Indian paper)

Add 15296 (1) f.103r, The two princes have now resolved to wear ascetics' garments like their exiled brothers, Still in their encampment on the right, Bharata tells Guha to fetch enough boats to convey them all to the opposite the bank of the Ganga, c.1653 (Indian paper)

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283018

Add 15296 (2) f.36r, In this slightly out of place illustration, Sugriva seated on his throne, accepting a drink from an attendant, has been advised by Hanuman to appease Laksmana's wrath. Sugriva, at Hanuman's urging, has sent out messengers to summon his entire army to the capital.

Add 15296 (2) f.36r, In this slightly out of place illustration, Sugriva seated on his throne, accepting a drink from an attendant, has been advised by Hanuman to appease Laksmana's wrath. Sugriva, at Hanuman's urging, has sent out messengers to summon his entire army to the capital.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283051

Party of yogis.

Party of yogis.

BL3307123

Streevelliputtur [Srivilliputtur]. The large pyramidal tower at entrance. View looking towards entrance gopura of temple. This Gateway, which is considered one of the finest and best proportioned in Southern India, is well seen in this Photograph, which is taken from an excellent point of view. It is nearly 200 feet high, the pyramidal part of the tower being of brick and plaster, rises through eleven storeys exclusive of the base and the waggon-shaped roof. It is not only particularly pleasing in form, but elegant in its details, figure sculpture being only sparingly used, and then only where its presence is conducive to the general effect. Its design is somewhat marred by the open colonnade on each side of the central range of windows having been built up in modern times, and now presenting flat unmeaning surfaces where originally there was relief and shadow. In the view may be seen two of the country carts, which are drawn by bullocks, and are in use all over the Madras Presidency.

Streevelliputtur [Srivilliputtur]. The large pyramidal tower at entrance. View looking towards entrance gopura of temple. This Gateway, which is considered one of the finest and best proportioned in Southern India, is well seen in this Photograph, which is taken from an excellent point of view. It is nearly 200 feet high, the pyramidal part of the tower being of brick and plaster, rises through eleven storeys exclusive of the base and the waggon-shaped roof. It is not only particularly pleasing in form, but elegant in its details, figure sculpture being only sparingly used, and then only where its presence is conducive to the general effect. Its design is somewhat marred by the open colonnade on each side of the central range of windows having been built up in modern times, and now presenting flat unmeaning surfaces where originally there was relief and shadow. In the view may be seen two of the country carts, which are drawn by bullocks, and are in use all over the Madras Presidency.

BL3310668

MakarÄká¹£a son of Khara, depicted with a pig's head, is sent off by Rāvaṇa to fight. He sets off in his chariot with attendants. Monkeys advance with rocks and trees along the bottom, while above Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa loose arrows at MakarÄká¹£a. He wields his bow, then dismounted, he wields his great golden spear and ultimately falls beneath Rāma's arrows. Inscribed in the margin above the demon: MakarÄká¹£a.

MakarÄká¹£a son of Khara, depicted with a pig's head, is sent off by Rāvaṇa to fight. He sets off in his chariot with attendants. Monkeys advance with rocks and trees along the bottom, while above Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa loose arrows at MakarÄká¹£a. He wields his bow, then dismounted, he wields his great golden spear and ultimately falls beneath Rāma's arrows. Inscribed in the margin above the demon: MakarÄká¹£a.

BL3283123

Sikhs chanting and performing their ablutions at their billets in France. 1915.

Sikhs chanting and performing their ablutions at their billets in France. 1915.

BL3287644

Ganesha blessing this endeavour

Ganesha blessing this endeavour

BL3264717

Rāvaṇa has sent out his spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a from Laṅkā, depicted on the right, where Rāvaṇa and his chief generals are seated in council. They are commanded to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy and to report on their leaders. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and their generals - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - are seated in discussion under a tree on the left. The monkeys and a bear begin to encircle the city.

Rāvaṇa has sent out his spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a from Laṅkā, depicted on the right, where Rāvaṇa and his chief generals are seated in council. They are commanded to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy and to report on their leaders. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and their generals - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - are seated in discussion under a tree on the left. The monkeys and a bear begin to encircle the city.

BL3283068

'Vishnu Pud' and other temples near the Burning Ghat, Benares.

'Vishnu Pud' and other temples near the Burning Ghat, Benares.

BL3300457

A saint with a white beard and halo kneels on a mat on a terrace by a house. In the background is the river with lines of boats and distant trees on the far bank.

A saint with a white beard and halo kneels on a mat on a terrace by a house. In the background is the river with lines of boats and distant trees on the far bank.

BL3286387

Ravana going to war against Rama and Hanuman's monkey army, scene from the Ramakien (Thai version of the Ramayana)

Ravana going to war against Rama and Hanuman's monkey army, scene from the Ramakien (Thai version of the Ramayana)

BL3296204

Sketches of Cashmere, Places recently visited by the Viceroy of India (engraving)

Sketches of Cashmere, Places recently visited by the Viceroy of India (engraving)

Weedon, J.F. (fl.1886) (after)

LIP1622338

From a position high in a Shingshapa tree, Hanuman observes Sita attended by a band of female titans; Ravana arrives with female attendants and begs Sita to marry him. Gouache with gold; borders of red and yellow, or red and gold with, in most cases, coloured decoration on the gold. Image taken from Ramayana.

From a position high in a Shingshapa tree, Hanuman observes Sita attended by a band of female titans; Ravana arrives with female attendants and begs Sita to marry him. Gouache with gold; borders of red and yellow, or red and gold with, in most cases, coloured decoration on the gold. Image taken from Ramayana.

BL3306340

Highly pleased with the information he brought, Rāma asks Lakṣmaṇa to fetch water from the ocean and consecrates VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a as king of Laṅkā. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a advises Rāma to seek the help of his ancestor the Ocean to make a path for his army across to Laṅkā, and Rāma prepares to propitiate it.

Highly pleased with the information he brought, Rāma asks Lakṣmaṇa to fetch water from the ocean and consecrates VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a as king of Laṅkā. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a advises Rāma to seek the help of his ancestor the Ocean to make a path for his army across to Laṅkā, and Rāma prepares to propitiate it.

BL3306352

VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, Lakṣmaṇa and the rest come out of the city suitably attired to where Rāma and Sītā await them, while Hanumān holds Rāma's bow and waves a white cloth over them. They all ask permission to accompany Rāma, Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa to AyodhyÄ, to which Rāma readily agrees. The Puá¹£paka aerial chariot, borne up by four haá¹ƒsas flies in from Laṅkā, and the entire party, with Lakṣmaṇa back in hermit's dress, begins the journey back to AyodhyÄ.

VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, Lakṣmaṇa and the rest come out of the city suitably attired to where Rāma and Sītā await them, while Hanumān holds Rāma's bow and waves a white cloth over them. They all ask permission to accompany Rāma, Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa to AyodhyÄ, to which Rāma readily agrees. The Puá¹£paka aerial chariot, borne up by four haá¹ƒsas flies in from Laṅkā, and the entire party, with Lakṣmaṇa back in hermit's dress, begins the journey back to AyodhyÄ.

BL3283154

In this battle scene Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a are showering arrows at the enemy forces, while Aṅgada has jumped onto Indrajit's elephant and is biting at the demon's neck. The golden walls of Laṅkā have almost disappeared beneath the struggling mass of monkeys and titans.

In this battle scene Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a are showering arrows at the enemy forces, while Aṅgada has jumped onto Indrajit's elephant and is biting at the demon's neck. The golden walls of Laṅkā have almost disappeared beneath the struggling mass of monkeys and titans.

BL3283084

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and the allies advance on Kumbhakará¹‡a, who stands on his chariot, easily fending off the rocks and trees hurled at him by the monkeys, as well as the heroes' arrows.

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and the allies advance on Kumbhakará¹‡a, who stands on his chariot, easily fending off the rocks and trees hurled at him by the monkeys, as well as the heroes' arrows.

BL3283105

Lakṣmaṇa, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a head the attack on Indrajit in a furious battle. The sacrifical fire by the banyan tree is unattended, with Indrajit now armed and fighting. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va bring news of the battle to Rāma on the left.

Lakṣmaṇa, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a head the attack on Indrajit in a furious battle. The sacrifical fire by the banyan tree is unattended, with Indrajit now armed and fighting. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va bring news of the battle to Rāma on the left.

BL3283127

Rāma sends out his entire army, headed by Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, to fight Indrajit at the NikumbhilÄ grove, where he is performing more magical sacrifices. Indrajit is sacrificing to the fire again with a black goat, while around him a furious battle is raging between Lakṣmaṇa and his allies and the other demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has advised Rāma to send Lakṣmaṇa to finish off Indrajit at the place where he is performing his magical arts, before he can make himself even more powerful. Inscribed above Indrajit: Iá¹ƒdrajit.

Rāma sends out his entire army, headed by Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, to fight Indrajit at the NikumbhilÄ grove, where he is performing more magical sacrifices. Indrajit is sacrificing to the fire again with a black goat, while around him a furious battle is raging between Lakṣmaṇa and his allies and the other demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has advised Rāma to send Lakṣmaṇa to finish off Indrajit at the place where he is performing his magical arts, before he can make himself even more powerful. Inscribed above Indrajit: Iá¹ƒdrajit.

BL3283133

Add 15296 (2) f.9r, Sugriva tells Rama that he has seen Sita being carried aloft in a chariot by Ravana, struggling and calling out the names of Rama and Laksmana. On seeing him below, she let fall her jewels and an upper garment. Sugriva runs to a cave in the mountain where he has stored them, and thence brings Sita's jewels and her upper garment of leaves to show Rama and Laksmana. Rama is keenly distressed at the sight of them and rolls on the ground in his agony. Sugriva calms him and reiterates his promise to help Rama recover Sita.

Add 15296 (2) f.9r, Sugriva tells Rama that he has seen Sita being carried aloft in a chariot by Ravana, struggling and calling out the names of Rama and Laksmana. On seeing him below, she let fall her jewels and an upper garment. Sugriva runs to a cave in the mountain where he has stored them, and thence brings Sita's jewels and her upper garment of leaves to show Rama and Laksmana. Rama is keenly distressed at the sight of them and rolls on the ground in his agony. Sugriva calms him and reiterates his promise to help Rama recover Sita.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283040

The two chariots with their accompanying armies again advance to meet one another, with arrows flying between them. Rāma and Rāvaṇa launch their most fearsome weapons against each other. One of Rāma's arrows severs the pole of Rāvaṇa's standard which falls to the earth, one of the many terrible portents predicting the end of Rāvaṇa's reign. Conscious that his end is approaching, Rāvaṇa still fights, determined to do his duty. Celestial beings assemble to witness the final triumph of righteousness over wickedness.

The two chariots with their accompanying armies again advance to meet one another, with arrows flying between them. Rāma and Rāvaṇa launch their most fearsome weapons against each other. One of Rāma's arrows severs the pole of Rāvaṇa's standard which falls to the earth, one of the many terrible portents predicting the end of Rāvaṇa's reign. Conscious that his end is approaching, Rāvaṇa still fights, determined to do his duty. Celestial beings assemble to witness the final triumph of righteousness over wickedness.

BL3283143

Rāvaṇa has a brother, the giant Kumbhakará¹‡a, whom BrahmÄ had cursed to spend most of his life asleep. Rāvaṇa decides that he needs him to fight Rāma and sends an army of his demons to waken the monster. The demons try to rouse the prostrate Kumbhakará¹‡a by making the most enormous din, and when that fails, they hit him with weapons and clubs and shout in his ear. Women play musical instruments, a donkey brays and elephants trumpet. Piles of food, dead animals and monkeys, and jars of liquid, blood and wine and fat, lie waiting his wakening.

Rāvaṇa has a brother, the giant Kumbhakará¹‡a, whom BrahmÄ had cursed to spend most of his life asleep. Rāvaṇa decides that he needs him to fight Rāma and sends an army of his demons to waken the monster. The demons try to rouse the prostrate Kumbhakará¹‡a by making the most enormous din, and when that fails, they hit him with weapons and clubs and shout in his ear. Women play musical instruments, a donkey brays and elephants trumpet. Piles of food, dead animals and monkeys, and jars of liquid, blood and wine and fat, lie waiting his wakening.

BL3283093

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

BL3283190

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

BL3295992

The Art Loan Collection in the South Kensington Museum (engraving)

The Art Loan Collection in the South Kensington Museum (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LIP1610866

Add 15296 (1) f.118r, The Brahmins and the queens in their litters approach. Kausalya points out the place by the river where Rama offered the ritual water and laments the pitiable quality of the pindas, as offered to her dead husband. The three exiles then greet the queens (Sita is shown embracing Kaikeyi rather than Kausalya), and then separately the Brahmins and the minister Sumantra. The four brothers and Sita Sitaoutside the hut (top left). Bharata requests Rama to ascend the throne, but Rama refuses to disobey the command of his father.

Add 15296 (1) f.118r, The Brahmins and the queens in their litters approach. Kausalya points out the place by the river where Rama offered the ritual water and laments the pitiable quality of the pindas, as offered to her dead husband. The three exiles then greet the queens (Sita is shown embracing Kaikeyi rather than Kausalya), and then separately the Brahmins and the minister Sumantra. The four brothers and Sita Sitaoutside the hut (top left). Bharata requests Rama to ascend the throne, but Rama refuses to disobey the command of his father.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283030

Add 15296 (2) f.57r, As Sugriva is still speaking of his earlier adventures to the two brothers, the monkeys sent out to the eastern, northern and western quarters return and report that their quest was in vain, there had been no sign of Sita.

Add 15296 (2) f.57r, As Sugriva is still speaking of his earlier adventures to the two brothers, the monkeys sent out to the eastern, northern and western quarters return and report that their quest was in vain, there had been no sign of Sita.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283057

Hindoo Temple in "Pettah," Colombo (b/w photo)

Hindoo Temple in "Pettah," Colombo (b/w photo)

English Photographer, (19th century)

LLM3652810

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

BL3283115

Indian bullock cart (chromolitho)

Indian bullock cart (chromolitho)

French School, (19th century)

LLM1093396

Add 15296 (1) f.66r, The companions have reached the river Ganges and Guha, the Nisada chief, has come to greet them along with some of his people from their nearby town. Rama asks him to provide a boat so that they can cross the river. He tells Sumantra to take the chariot back to Ayodhya, with a last cheerful message to his father and mother that they will surely see the three of them again. Rama and Laksmana have divested themselves of their crowns and now mat their hair with the juice of a banyan tree in the manner of ascetics. Guha's men row them across the mighty Ganges, while in the middle of the stream Sita prays to the river goddess that eventually they may safely return to Ayodhya. On the far shore, having hunted for deer, Laksmana cooks the meat on skewers, while Rama and Sita pluck fruit from a great banyan tree.

Add 15296 (1) f.66r, The companions have reached the river Ganges and Guha, the Nisada chief, has come to greet them along with some of his people from their nearby town. Rama asks him to provide a boat so that they can cross the river. He tells Sumantra to take the chariot back to Ayodhya, with a last cheerful message to his father and mother that they will surely see the three of them again. Rama and Laksmana have divested themselves of their crowns and now mat their hair with the juice of a banyan tree in the manner of ascetics. Guha's men row them across the mighty Ganges, while in the middle of the stream Sita prays to the river goddess that eventually they may safely return to Ayodhya. On the far shore, having hunted for deer, Laksmana cooks the meat on skewers, while Rama and Sita pluck fruit from a great banyan tree.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283004

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

BL3283122

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LIP1062044

Battle between Ravana and Rama who is being carried by Hanuman, the monkey king, scene from the Ramakien (Thai version of the Ramayana)

Battle between Ravana and Rama who is being carried by Hanuman, the monkey king, scene from the Ramakien (Thai version of the Ramayana)

BL3296269

Viswakarma. The interior of the chaitya hall of the 7th century Vishvakarma cave, the last important such chaitya hall made in western India, is divided into three aisles by 28 octagonal pillars with plain bracket capitals (omitted in the print). Above the columns there is a frieze of ganas, dwarf attendants and preaching Buddhas with Boddhisattvas. The vault of the ceiling is carved with ribs imitating a wooden structure. In the far end of the central nave there is a large seated Buddha in the teaching position carved on the front of the votive stupa, with attendant Bodhisattvas

Viswakarma. The interior of the chaitya hall of the 7th century Vishvakarma cave, the last important such chaitya hall made in western India, is divided into three aisles by 28 octagonal pillars with plain bracket capitals (omitted in the print). Above the columns there is a frieze of ganas, dwarf attendants and preaching Buddhas with Boddhisattvas. The vault of the ceiling is carved with ribs imitating a wooden structure. In the far end of the central nave there is a large seated Buddha in the teaching position carved on the front of the votive stupa, with attendant Bodhisattvas

BL3261184

Shatrughana departs Ayodhya to return to his kingdom. He is shown leaving the city accompanied by his attendants

Shatrughana departs Ayodhya to return to his kingdom. He is shown leaving the city accompanied by his attendants

BL3283233

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

Page of Advertisements (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LIP1041013

Add 15296 (1) f.69r, Bharadvaja, on the right in his hermitage, advises the travellers of the way to Citrakuta. In the centre, they cross the Yamuna on an improvised raft, with Sita praying again to the goddess of the river for a safe return, and on the bottom left, find the great banyan tree Bharadvaja had told them about, where Rama and Sita pluck its fruits. A few miles farther on, having hunted for deer, Laksmana again cooks the meat on skewers and they prepare to spend the night there.

Add 15296 (1) f.69r, Bharadvaja, on the right in his hermitage, advises the travellers of the way to Citrakuta. In the centre, they cross the Yamuna on an improvised raft, with Sita praying again to the goddess of the river for a safe return, and on the bottom left, find the great banyan tree Bharadvaja had told them about, where Rama and Sita pluck its fruits. A few miles farther on, having hunted for deer, Laksmana again cooks the meat on skewers and they prepare to spend the night there.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283007

Add 15296 (2) f.33r, The angry Laksmana has reached the gate of Kiskindha, where he is welcomed by Angada, Bali's son, and other monkeys. Inside the palace, the crowned Sugriva, seated with the wise Tara on a couch, is slowly brought round from his slothful inebriation. Hanuman tells him that autumn has now arrived and with it the time for action, and advises him to appease Laksmana's wrath by humble submission.

Add 15296 (2) f.33r, The angry Laksmana has reached the gate of Kiskindha, where he is welcomed by Angada, Bali's son, and other monkeys. Inside the palace, the crowned Sugriva, seated with the wise Tara on a couch, is slowly brought round from his slothful inebriation. Hanuman tells him that autumn has now arrived and with it the time for action, and advises him to appease Laksmana's wrath by humble submission.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283047

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